Menstrual Disorders

The menstrual cycle is a recurring cycle of physiological changes that occurs in the females of human beings and great apes. Other placental mammals experience estrous cycles instead. The menstrual cycle is under the control of the hormone system and is necessary for reproduction.

Menstrual cycle consists in 4 phases, such as:

1. Menstruation: also called menstrual bleeding, menses, or a period. This bleeding normally serves as a sign that a woman has not become pregnant. Eumenorrhea denotes normal, regular menstruation that lasts for a few days (usually 3 to 5 days, but anywhere from 2 to 7 days is considered normal)
2. Follicular phase: growth of ovarian folliculus
3. Ovulation: the release of the now mature ovum, the largest cell of the body (with a diameter of about 0.5 mm). The Fallopian tube needs to capture the egg and provide the site for fertilization. In some women, ovulation features a characteristic pain called mittelschmerz (German term meaning 'middle pain') which may last a few hours
4. Luteal phase: the corpus luteum is the solid body formed in the ovaries after the egg has been released from the fallopian tube which continues to grow and divide for a while. After ovulation, the residual follicle transforms into the corpus luteum under the support of the pituitary hormones. This corpus luteum will produce progesterone in addition to estrogens for approximately the next 2 weeks. Progesterone plays a vital role in converting the proliferative endometrium into a secretory lining receptive for implantation and supportive of the early pregnancy.

MENSTRUAL DISORDERS

Anovulation	absence of ovulation when it would be normally expected sually manifests itself as irregularity of menstrual periods, that is, unpredictable variability of intervals, duration, or bleeding an also cause cessation of periods (secondary amenorrhea) or excessive bleeding (dysfunctional uterine bleeding)
Early menarche	precocious puberty
Oligoovulation	Infrequent or irregular ovulation (usually defined as cycles of >36 days or <8 cycles a year)
Polymenorrhea	cycles with intervals of 21 days or fewer
Oligomenorrhea	infrequent or light menstrual periods (frequency exceeding 35 days)
Dysmenorrhea (or dysmenorrhoea)	cramps or painful menstruation involves menstrual periods that are accompanied by either sharp, intermittent pain or dull, aching pain, usually in the pelvis or lower abdomen
Amenorrhea	the absence of a menstrual period in a woman of reproductive age
Menorrhagia	an abnormally heavy and prolonged menstrual period causes: bnormal blood clotting, disruption of normal hormonal regulation of periods or disorders of the endometrial lining of the womb it may be associated with abnormally painful periods (dysmenorrhoea)
PMS (Premenstrual Syndrome)	Premenstrual syndrome (PMS) (also called PMT or Premenstrual Tension) is a collection of physical, psychological, and emotional symptoms related to a woman's menstrual cycle. PMS is a collection of symptoms. 150 separate symptoms have been identified.The exact symptoms and how severe they are vary from person to person and from month to month. Most women with premenstrual syndrome experience only a few of the problems. The most common symptoms are: Weight gain from premenstrual water retention Abdominal bloating Breast tenderness Stress or anxiety Depression Crying spells Mood swings, irritability or anger Appetite changes and food cravings Trouble falling asleep (insomnia) Joint or muscle pain Headache Fatigue (medical) Acne Trouble concentrating Social withdrawal Body temperature increase Worsening of existing skin disorders, and respiratory (eg, allergies, infection) or eye (eg, visual disturbances, conjunctivitis) problems
Ovarian cyst	An ovarian cyst is any collection of fluid, surrounded by a very thin wall, within an ovary. Some or all of the following symptoms may be present, though it is possible not to experience any symptoms: Dull aching, or severe, sudden, and sharp pain or discomfort in the lower abdomen (one or both sides), pelvis, vagina, lower back, or thighs; pain may be constant or intermittent -- this is the most common symptom Fullness, heaviness, pressure, swelling, or bloating in the abdomen Breast tenderness Pain during or immediately after sexual intercourse (dyspareunia), masturbation, strenuous exercise, or menstrual period (or shortly after beginning or end of menstrual period) Irregular periods, or abnormal uterine bleeding or spotting Change in frequency or ease of urination (such as inability to fully empty the bladder), or difficulty with bowel movements due to pressure on adjacent pelvic anatomy Weight gain Nausea or vomiting Fatigue Infertility Increased level of testosterone or hair growth Increased facial hair or body hair
Endometriosis	In endometriosis, the tissue that lines the uterus (the endometrium, from endo, "inside", and metra, "womb") is found to be growing outside the uterus, on or in other areas of the body. Normally, the endometrium is shed each month during the menstrual cycle; however, in endometriosis, the misplaced endometrium is usually unable to exit the body. The endometriotic tissues still detach and bleed, but the result is far different: internal bleeding, degenerated blood and tissue shedding, inflammation of the surrounding areas, pain, and formation of scar tissue may result. In addition, depending on the location of the growths, interference with the normal function of the bowel, bladder, small intestines and other organs within the pelvic cavity can occur. Symptoms of endometriosis can include (but are not limited to): Painful, sometimes disabling menstrual cramps (dysmenorrhea); pain may get worse over time (progressive pain) Chronic pain (typically lower back pain and pelvic pain, also abdominal) Painful sex (dyspareunia) Painful bowel movements or painful urination (dysuria) Heavy menstrual periods (menorrhagia) Nausea and vomiting Premenstrual or intermenstrual spotting (bleeding between periods) Infertility and subfertility. Endometriosis may lead to fallopian tube obstruction. Even without this, there may be difficulty conceiving. In some women, subfertility is the sole symptom, and the endometriosis is only discovered after fertility investigations.
Uterine Fibroma	the most common neoplasm in females, and may affect about 25 % of white and 50% of black women during the reproductive years symptoms: bnormal gynecologic hemorrhage, pain, urinary frequency or retention, and in some cases, infertility during pregnancy they may be the cause of miscarriage, bleeding, premature labor, or interference with the position of the fetus.
Adenomyosis	condition characterized by the presence of ectopic endometrial tissue (the inner lining of the uterus) within the myometrium (the thick, muscular layer of the uterus) typically found in women in the ages between 35 and 50 patients with adenomyosis can have painful and/or profuse menses (dysmenorrhea & menorrhagia, respectively)

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