Lithiasis (stones)

A calculus is a a concretion of material, usually mineral salts, that forms in an organ or duct of the body.

Lithiasis is a widespread disorder that occurs up to 6% of people, mostly men over the age of 30 years old.
Lithiasis may be asymptomatic or show up with non-specific symptoms such as backache or burning while urinating.

There are different types:

Nephrolithiasis (kidney stones) it features either chalky stones (containing calcium) or non-chalky stones (containing styvine, uric acid, or cystine) main causes: hypercalciuria (excessive urinary excretion of calcium), hyperuricosuria (excessive urinary excretion of uric acid), hyperoxaluria (excessive excretion of oxalate), hyperperathyroidism, cystinuria (methabolic hereditary disease that causes an excessive excretion of arginine, cystine, lysine, and ornithine), excessive vitamin D3 synthesis, infections can cause hydronephrosis (swollen kidneys) and renal failure can predispose to pyelonephritis (kidney infections) can progress to bladder stones and bladder outlet obstruction symptoms: renal colic Cholelithiasis (gallstones) it affects most likely women than men it features either cholesterol stones (due to an excessive level of cholesterol into gall) or pigmented stones (sometimes linked to gall infections, containing bilirubin associated with calcium) symptoms: biliary colic, nausea, vomit, headache, digestive disorders, abdominal tension can predispose to cholecystitis (gall bladder infections) and ascending cholangitis (biliary tree infection) can progress to choledocholithiasis (gallstones in the bile duct) and gallstone pancreatitis (inflammation of the pancreas) Urolithiasis (urinary stones) it causes pain, obstructions, and infections causes: urinary stasis, increased urinary salts concentration, increased urinary pH, bacteric infection symptms: renal colic, pain in pelvic area, burning while urinating, blood in urine, recurring urinary tract infections, vomit, chills, fever Rhinolith (nasal calculus) present in the nasal cavity an uncommon medical phenomenon causes: salts depositing over time on a foreign body in the nostril or paranasal sinus symptoms: nasal obstruction, epistaxis (nose bleeding), headache, sinusitis, and epiphora (tears leaking from eyelid line).

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