Kidney Disorders

The kidneys are excretory oragans of vertebrates. Together with urinary, the kidneys are organs that filter wastes (such as urea) from the blood and excrete them, along with water, as urine.

In humans, the kidneys are located in the posterior part of the abdomen. There is one on each side of the spine; the right kidney sits just below the liver, the left below the diaphragm and adjacent to the spleen. Above each kidney is an adrenal gland (also called the suprarenal gland).

KIDNEYS

Functions	Excretion of waste products: The kidneys excrete a variety of waste products produced by metabolism, including the nitrogenous wastes: urea (from protein catabolism) and uric acid (from nucleic acid metabolism) and water. Homeostasis: the kidney is one of the major organs involved in whole-body homeostasis. Among its homeostatic functions, there are acid-base balance (regulate the pH), blood pressure balance, and plasma volume balance actions Hormone secretion: the kidneys secrete a variety of hormones, including erythropoietin, urodilatin, renin and vitamin D.
Congenital Diseases/disorders	Congenital hydronephrosis Congenital obstruction of urinary tract Duplicated ureter Horseshoe kidney Polycystic kidney disease Renal dysplasia Unilateral small kidney
Acquired Diseases/disorders	Diabetic nephropathy Glomerulonephritis Hydronephrosis is the enlargement of one or both of the kidneys caused by obstruction of the flow of urine. Interstitial nephritis Kidney stones are a relatively common and particularly painful disorder. Kidney tumors (Wilms' tumor; renal cell carcinoma) Lupus nephritis Minimal change disease Nephrotic syndrome (it may feature swelling, low serum albumin, and high cholesterol) Pyelonephritis (infection of the kidneys  frequently caused by complication of a urinary tract infection) Renal failure (acute or chronic)

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