Cystitis
Cystitis is inflammation of the urinary bladder. The condition more often affects women, but can affect either sex and all age groups
There are several types of cystitis, such as:
- Bacterial: it's the most common type, and often caused by coliform bacteria being transferred from the bowel through the urethra into the bladder
- Interstitial: considered more of an injury to the bladder and rarely involves the presence of infection.The cause of IC is unknown. It features urinary frequency (as often as every 10 minutes), urgency, pressure and/or pain in the bladder and/or pelvis. Pain typically increases as the bladder fills and reduces after voiding however some patients report pain with urination, often in the urethra. Patients may also experience nocturia, pelvic floor dysfunction and tension (thus making it difficult to start their urine stream), pain with sexual intercourse, discomfort and difficulty driving, travelling or working. Research has determined that the quality of life of IC patients is equivalent to end stage renal failure.
- Eosinophilic: rare form of cystitis that is diagnosed via biopsy. In these cases, the bladder wall is infiltrated with a high number of eosinophils. The cause of EC is also unknown though it has been triggered in children by certain medications.
- Radiation: it often occurs patients undergoing radiation for the treatment of cancer.
- Hemorrhagic: a diffuse inflammation of the bladder leading to hemorrhage that is seen most often in cancer patients as a complication of therapy. It occurs in women. Pus is present in the urine but no organism can be cultured in the urine. Causes of hemorrhagic cystitis include chemotherapy, radiation, or viral infection.
The condition frequently affects sexually active women ages 20 to 50 but may also occur in those who are not sexually active or in young girls. Older adults are also at high risk for developing cystitis, with the incidence in the elderly being much higher than in younger people, due to incomplete emptying of the bladder associated with such conditions as benign prostatic hyperplasia (BPH), prostatitis and urethral strictures. Also, lack of adequate fluids, bowel incontinence, immobility or decreased mobility and placement in a nursing home, all put people at increased risk for cystitis.
Cystitis is rare in males. Females are more prone to the development of cystitis because of their relatively shorter urethra—bacteria do not have to travel as far to enter the bladder—and because of the relatively short distance between the opening of the urethra and the anus.
More than 85% of cases of cystitis are caused by escherichia coli ("E. coli"), a bacterium found in the lower gastrointestinal tract. Sexual intercourse may increase the risk of cystitis because bacteria can be introduced into the bladder through the urethra during sexual activity. Once bacteria enter the bladder, they are normally removed through urination. When bacteria multiply faster than they are removed by urination, infection results.
Risks for cystitis include obstruction of the bladder or urethra with resultant stagnation of urine, insertion of instruments into the urinary tract (such as catheterization or cystoscopy), pregnancy, diabetes, HIV, and a history of analgesic nephropathy or reflux nephropathy.
Articles from Wikipedia
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