Articular Pain

A joint is the location at which two or more bones make contact. They are constructed to allow movement and provide mechanical support, and are classified structurally and functionally.
Structural classification names and divides joints according to how the bones are connected to each other. Joints can also be classified functionally, by the degree of mobility they allow.

JOINTS

Structural Classification

Fibrous/Immovable	Bones are connected by dense connective tissue, consisting mainly of collagen. The fibrous joints are further divided into three types: Sutures are found between bones of the skull. In fetal skulls the sutures are wide to allow slight movement during birth. They later become rigid (synarthrodial). Syndesmosis are found between long bones of the body, such as the radius and ulna in forearm and the fibula and tibia in leg. Unlike other fibrous joints, syndesmoses are moveable (amphiarthrodial). Gomphosis is a joint between the root of a tooth and the sockets in the maxilla or mandible.
Cartilaginous	Bones are connected entirely by cartilage. Cartilaginous joints allow more movement between bones than a fibrous joint but less than the highly mobile synovial joint. An example would be the joints between the ribs and the sternum. Cartilaginous joints also forms the growth regions of immature long bones and the intervertebral discs of the spinal column. Primary cartilaginous joints: Known as "synchondroses". Bones are connected by hyaline cartilage, typically between ossification centres. This cartilage may ossify with age. Examples in humans are the joint between the first rib and the manubrium of the sternum, and the "growth plates" between ossification centres in long bones. These joints do not allow movement. Secondary cartilaginous joints: Known as "symphyses". Fibrocartilaginous joints, usually occurring in the midline. Examples in human anatomy would be the intervertebral discs, and the pubic symphysis. These joints allow a little movement.
Synovial	Synovial joints have a space between the articulating bones for synovial fluid. This classification contains joints that are the most mobile of the three, and includes the knee and shoulder. These are further classified into: ball and socket joints condyloid joints saddle joints hinge joints pivot joints gliding joints

Functional classification

Synarthrosis	They permit little or no mobility. They can be categorised by how the two bones are joined together: Synchondroses are joints where the two bones are connected by a piece of cartilage. Synostoses are where two bones that are initially separted eventually fuse together, essentially becoming one bone. In humans the plates of the cranium fuse together as a child approaches adulthood. Children whose craniums fuse too early may suffer deformities and brain damage as the skull does not expand properly to accommodate the growing brain, a condition known as craniostenosis. Most synarthrosis joints are fibrous. Simphysis: between the two bones head covered by cartilage there's a fibrocartilage tissue (e.g. joints between vertebras, or between pelvic bones and hips)
Amphiarthrosis	permit slight mobility the two bone surfaces at the joint are both covered in hyaline cartilage and joined by strands of fibrocartilage most amphiarthrosis joints are cartilaginous
Diarthrosis	They permit a variety of movements (e.g. flexion, adduction, pronation). Only synovial joints are diarthrodial. They can be divided into six classes: arthrodia enartrosi condyloid hinge pivot angular ginglymus

Several are the disorders that may affect joints. The following are the most common:

• ankylosing spondylitis
• back pain, bunions
• cervical spondylosis
• chondromalacia
• frozen shoulder
• ganglion
• gout
• leg cramp
• mallet finger
• neck pain
• olecranon bursitis
• osgood-schlatter's disease
• osteoarthritis
• osteomyelitis
• osteoporosis
• paget's disease of the bone
• polymyalgia rheumatica
• psoriatic arthritis
• repetitive strain injury (RSI)
• rheumatoid arthritis
• septic arthritis
• sprain
• systemic lupus erythematosus
• tennis elbow
• enosynovitis
• trigger finger
• whiplash

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